Latin Relative Pronouns

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Latin Relative Pronouns (quī, quae, quod)

Relative Pronouns Who
M		 Who
F		 Which
N
Singular
Nominative quī quae quod
Accusative quem quam quod
Genitive cuius cuius cuius
Dative cui cui cui
Ablative quō quā quō
Plural
Nominative quī quae quae
Accusative quōs quās quae
Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum
Dative quibus quibus quibus
Ablative quibus quibus quibus

How to choose the right form: a relative pronoun (quī/quae/quod) means who, which, or that. It points back to a noun nearby.

  • Gender and number come from the noun it points back to (the noun you mean).
  • Case comes from what the pronoun is doing inside the “who/which” part (its own clause).

What the cases usually mean in relative clauses

Nominative (subject): the “who/which” word is doing the verb.

virum admiror quī Britannōs vīcit
“I admire the man who conquered the Britons.”

Accusative (object): the “who/which” word receives the verb.

magister quem nōn amō in hortō legit
“The teacher whom I do not love is reading in the garden.”

Genitive (“whose”): ownership or close connection.

puella cuius pater clārus est
“The girl whose father is famous.”

Dative (“to/for whom”): often with giving, telling, showing, sending.

servus cuī pecūniam dēdī
“The slave to whom I gave money.”

Ablative (“in/by/with/from which”): often with a preposition.

urbs in quā puer habitat = “the city in which the boy lives”
vir ā quō pūnītī sumus = “the man by whom we were punished”

One important reminder: neuter forms often match. In neuter, nominative and accusative look the same (for example, quod in the singular, quae in the plural).

“With whom” forms: you will often see quōcum (with whom, singular) and quibuscum (with whom, plural). Latin can attach cum to the pronoun.