Greek Second Declension Nouns (Common Entrance 1)
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Second Declension: masculine and neuter
| Case | Masculine: λόγος | Neuter: δῶρον |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | λόγος / λόγοι | δῶρον / δῶρα |
| Vocative | λόγε / λόγοι | δῶρον / δῶρα |
| Accusative | λόγον / λόγους | δῶρον / δῶρα |
| Genitive | λόγου / λόγων | δώρου / δώρων |
| Dative | λόγῳ / λόγοις | δώρῳ / δώροις |
Important rule: neuter nouns have the same form in the nominative and accusative.
In the plural, neuter nominative and accusative end in -α. So:
δῶρον = gift, δῶρα = gifts.
What the Cases Do (Greek) — Important Note for Latin Students
| Case | What it shows | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | The subject case. It shows who or what is doing the action. | ὁ λόγος καλός ἐστιν The word is good. τὸ δῶρον καλόν ἐστιν The gift is good. |
| Accusative | Shows the direct object. Also used with prepositions showing motion towards. | τὸν λόγον ἀκούω I hear the word. τὸ δῶρον δίδωμι I give the gift. εἰς τὸν λόγον into the word. |
| Genitive | Shows ownership (“of”). In Greek this case also does many jobs that Latin does with the ablative (separation, some prepositional phrases). |
ἀπὸ τοῦ λόγου away from the word (Latin would use ablative). |
| Dative | Shows “to” or “for” (indirect object). In Greek this case also does many jobs that Latin does with the ablative (means, manner, instrument, location with ἐν, accompaniment with σύν, etc.). |
τῷ λόγῳ – by means of the word (Latin ablative of means) ἐν τῷ δώρῳ – in the gift (Latin ablative of place) σὺν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ – with the man (Latin ablative of accompaniment). |