Latin Second Declension

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Second Declension: masculine and neuter

Case Masculine: servus Neuter: bellum
Nominative servus / servī bellum / bella
Vocative serve / servī bellum / bella
Accusative servum / servōs bellum / bella
Genitive servī / servōrum bellī / bellōrum
Dative servō / servīs bellō / bellīs
Ablative servō / servīs bellō / bellīs

Important rule: neuter nouns have the same form in the nominative and accusative.
In the plural, neuter nominative and accusative end in -a. So:
bellum = war, bella = wars.

What the Cases Do

Case What it shows Example
Nominative The subject case. It shows who or what is doing the action. Servus est laetus
The slave is happy.

Bellum est saevum
The war is savage.
Accusative Shows the direct object (the person or thing affected by the verb).
Also shows movement towards when used with ad.		 Servum videō
I see the slave.

Bellum timeō
I fear war.

Ad servum festīnō
I hurry towards the slave.
Genitive Shows ownership, quantity, or description.
English often uses “of” for this.		 Pecūniam servī habeō
I have the slave’s money.

Multum bellī vidēmus
We see much war.

Puer magnī perīculī est
He is a boy of great danger.
Dative Shows the indirect object – usually “to” or “for”.
Also used with certain common verbs.		 Servō dīxī
I spoke to the slave.

Librum puerō dedī
I gave a book to the boy.

Bellō parcimus
We spare the war / we show mercy in war.
Ablative Used for many ideas, usually helped by a preposition.
Learn to recognise the case, but rely on the preposition to guide you.		 In bellō pugnamus – We fight in the war.

Ex agrō ambulō – I walk out of the field.

Ab agrō festīnō – I hurry away from the field.

Cum servō sedeō – I sit with the slave.

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